mIss berries

Monday, 27 February 2012

JOm BeRcuti KE lanGKawi....

em best nye pulau langkawi...kt malaysia pun ade pulau yg cntk tau...bln 3...start  cuti sek ape kte kite  g rmai2 g pulau langkawi ok x..pulau langkawi kaya dengan mitos dan lagenda separti Pulau Dayang Bunting, Mahsuri, Puteri Dayang Sari, Telaga Tujuh dsb.  Langkawi juga mempunyai taman geologi berusia jutaan tahun kini dikenali sebagai Langkawi Geopark.







  •  Langkawi Sky Bridge terletak pada 'akhir' menaiki Cable Car. Salah satu kemuncak pulau ini, adalah sebuah jambatan pejalan kaki sepanjang 410ft melengkung di atas Gunung Mat Cinchang. 
  • Terletak 2300 kaki di atas paras laut, Jambatan Sky mudah diakses oleh Cable CarLangkawi. Perjalanan ke puncak bermula dari Kampung Oriental, Pulau Langkawi, berhampiran Pantai Kok.

 Lagoon Resort, Langkawi berada pada kedudukan hanya 3 km ataupun kira-kira 5 minit dari Pusat Pameran Antarabangsa Langkawi.....


 Datai terletak di dalam hutan hujan tropika purbadengan pantai berpasir putih yang terpencil yang menghadapi Laut Andaman yang tenang.

DiScLAims...


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BuKIt CheRAkah TouR...uNisEL the Best

Terima kasih 2 all my frindz n beloved lecturer...dis activity is d best...i hope later kte leh  wt activity cam ne lgy...leh ajak s2 unisel join our activity k..n sye nk mntk maaf if main tipu or tekasar bhase...sory jgn simpan dlam aty.k..love u all...


tommy2 time...

rimau malaya mengaum la...selamanya harimau malaya....

rororor... crow zero....

 em semngt kemenangan 2 agak2 siapa menang kan....crow zero ke rimau fc

 ala...ala...comel ke gaya mcm 2...hehehe

 kira ape 2 dik...no ekor kE????

 SeManGAT crOW zeRO nie...HEhe


em...kotAK bERaCUN is THE besT part.MCM2 GAya Ade HEheHE



 em SEdAp NYE makAN tePUNG..KLAU ade aWARD muKe Plg COmel...rSE2 SPE dAPAt


  fighting time....Em aRI mau FC...



MoRal Of THe stORy.....FrIEnDShIP...
em smua nye keletihan tp x pe segala pglman yg kukuh tetap dihati terima kasih en amir....

wonderfull place: Plitvice lakes....


  • Amat menakjubkan Plitvice Lakes National Park yang terletak di rantau Lika Croatia 
  • Taman negara ini dikelilingi oleh Plješevica gunung, Kapela Mala, dan Medveđak, yang adalah sebahagian daripada Alps Dinaric.
  • Sebanyak16 Plitvice Lakes biru-hijau, yang dipisahkan oleh empangan semulajadi travertine, yang terletakdi dataran Plitvice.
  • Tasik dan air terjun yang tertinggi adalahVeliki Slap pada 70 meter (230 kaki) tinggi.
  •  Pelawat boleh menikmati panorama melalui denai, atau meneroka tasik dengan bot. Taman itu sendiri mempunyai hotel dan tapak perkhemahan, sebaliknya pengunjung boleh mencari penginapan di mana-mana bandar yang berdekatan....




panorama musim salji

Sunday, 26 February 2012

Wonderfull place: HaVAsU faLLs usA ariZoNa...




  •  On the Havasupai Indian Reservation within Grand Canyon National Park in Arizona you will find the gorgeous Havasu Falls.
  •  Havasu Falls is fairly difficult to reach by foot, requiring a drive to Hualapai Hilltop and then a 16 km (10 mile) hike to the Falls via the tiny village of Supai which is 3 km (2 miles) from the falls. 
  • For those not up to the long hike, a helicopter ride to Supai can be had, followed up by a horseback ride to the falls. 
  • Visitors can camp near the falls, and the village of Supai has one lodge and one cafe. Otherwise the best options for accommodation can be found 177 km (110 miles) away in the town of Seligman. 
  • The area also features four other waterfalls: Navajo Falls, Supai Falls, Mooney Falls, and Beaver Falls.






Take and looks it will be the wonderful place that you wanted to go. Havasu fall arizona at USA is the best for  those who like adventure and challenges.

Thursday, 23 February 2012

wucheria broncofti


wucheria broncofti live cycle



Parasites and Health[Last Modified: 07/20/2009 14:14:45]
Filariasis
[Brugia malayi] [Brugia timori] [Dirofilaria spp.] [Loa loa] [Mansonella ozzardi] [Mansonella perstans]
[Mansonella streptocerca] [Onchocerca volvulus] [Wuchereria bancrofti]



Causal AgentLife CycleGeographic DistributionClinical FeaturesLaboratory DiagnosisTreatment


Life Cycle of Wuchereria bancrofti:
Life cycle of Wuchereria bancrofti
Different species of the following genera of mosquitoes are vectors of W. bancrofti filariasis depending on geographical distribution.  Among them are: Culex (C. annulirostrisC. bitaeniorhynchusC. quinquefasciatus, and C. pipiens); Anopheles (A. arabinensisA. bancroftiiA. farautiA. funestusA. gambiaeA. koliensisA. melasA. merusA. punctulatus and A. wellcomei); Aedes (A. aegyptiA. aquasalisA. bellatorA. cookiA. darlingiA. kochiA. polynesiensisA. pseudoscutellarisA. rotumaeA. scapularis, and A. vigilax); Mansonia (M. pseudotitillansM. uniformis); Coquillettidia (C. juxtamansonia).  During a blood meal, an infected mosquito introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound  .  They develop in adults that commonly reside in the lymphatics  .  The female worms measure 80 to 100 mm in length and 0.24 to 0.30 mm in diameter, while the males measure about 40 mm by .1 mm.  Adults produce microfilariae measuring 244 to 296 μm by 7.5 to 10 μm, which are sheathed and have nocturnal periodicity, except the South Pacific microfilariae which have the absence of marked periodicity.  The microfilariae migrate into lymph and blood channels moving actively through lymph and blood  .  A mosquito ingests the microfilariae during a blood meal  .  After ingestion, the microfilariae lose their sheaths and some of them work their way through the wall of the proventriculus and cardiac portion of the mosquito's midgut and reach the thoracic muscles  .  There the microfilariae develop into first-stage larvae   and subsequently into third-stage infective larvae  .  The third-stage infective larvae migrate through the hemocoel to the mosquito's prosbocis   and can infect another human when the mosquito takes a blood meal  .


clINicaL feaTURes....

Lymphatic filariasis most often consists of asymptomatic microfilaremia.  Some patients develop lymphatic dysfunction causing lymphedema and elephantiasis (frequently in the lower extremities) and, with Wuchereria bancrofti, hydrocele and scrotal elephantiasis.  Episodes of febrile lymphangitis and lymphadenitis may occur.  Persons who have newly arrived in disease-endemic areas can develop afebrile episodes of lymphangitis and lymphadenitis.  An additional manifestation of filarial infection, mostly in Asia, is pulmonary tropical eosinophilia syndrome, with nocturnal cough and wheezing, fever, and eosinophilia.  Onchocerciasis can cause pruritus, dermatitis, onchocercomata (subcutaneous nodules), and lymphadenopathies.  The most serious manifestation consists of ocular lesions that can progress to blindness.  Loiasis (Loa loa) is often asymptomatic.  Episodic angioedema (Calabar swellings) and subconjunctival migration of an adult worm can occur.  Infections by Mansonella perstans, while often asymptomatic, can be associated with angioedema, pruritus, fever, headaches, arthralgias, and neurologic manifestations.  Mansonella streptocerca can cause skin manifestations including pruritus, papular eruptions and pigmentation changes.  Eosinophilia is often prominent in filarial infections.  Mansonella ozzardi can cause symptoms that include arthralgias, headaches, fever, pulmonary
symptoms, adenopathy, hepatomegaly, and pruritus. 

Laboratory Diagnosis:
Identification of microfilariae by microscopic examination is the most practical diagnostic procedure.
Examination of blood samples will allow identification of microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, Brugia timori, Loa loa, Mansonella perstans, and M. ozzardi.  It is important to time the blood collection with the known periodicity of the microfilariae.  The blood sample can be a thick smear, stained with Giemsa or hematoxylin and eosin.  For increased sensitivity, concentration techniques can be used.  These include centrifugation of the blood sample lyzed in 2% formalin (Knott's technique), or filtration through a Nucleopore
® membrane.
Examination of skin snips will identify microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus and Mansonella streptocerca.  Skin snips can be obtained using a corneal-scleral punch, or more simply a scalpel and needle.  The sample must be allowed to incubate for 30 minutes to 2 hours in saline or culture medium, and then examined for microfilariae that would have migrated from the tissue to the liquid phase of the specimen.
 

Diagnostic findings
  • Microscopy
  • Antigen detection using an immunoassay for circulating filarial antigens constitutes a useful diagnostic approach, because microfilaremia can be low and variable.  A rapid-format immunochromatographic test, applicable to Wuchereria bancrofti antigens, has been recently evaluated in the field.
  • Molecular diagnosis using polymerase chain reaction is available for W. bancrofti and B. malayi.
  • Identification of adult worms is possible from tissue samples collected during nodulectomies (onchocerciasis), or during subcutaneous biopsies or worm removal from the eye (loiasis).
  • Antibody detection is of limited value.  Substantial antigenic cross reactivity exists between filaria and other helminths, and a positive serologic test does not distinguish between past and current infection.
  • Special Procedures for Detecting Microfilariae
  • Bench aids for filariasis
Treatment:
Different drugs are recommended for the treatment of filariasis depending on the specific causal agent.  For additional information, see the recommendations in The Medical Letter (Drugs for Parasitic Infections).